In general, there exist many ways to detect the fair value of financial derivatives. However, each of them is suitable for different purposes. For example, when the payoff function is not very simple or the underlying process is too complex, the approach of Monte Carlo simulation can be useful....

The prices of derivatives contracts can be used to estimate ‘risk-neutral’ probability density functions that give an indication of the weight investors place on different future prices of their underlying assets, were they risk-neutral. In the likely case that investors are risk-averse,...

For venture capital firms, facing undiversifiable risks, multi-staged financing is an optimal contract which offers significant risk reduction at a cost of only slightly lower potential return. The optimality does not depend on the presence of moral hazard and agency problems. Our theoretical...

This article reviews the literature on American-style derivatives. The presentation stresses some of the major developments in the field. The focus is on the determination of optimal exercise policies and the structure of derivatives’ prices. Illustrative examples highlight the complexity of...