AbstractThe following sections are included:INTRODUCTIONBROADER CONCEPTS OF SECURITYJapan's concept of comprehensive securityRedefining the concept of security: “environmental security”THE ARCTIC AND JAPANThe Arctic's geopolitics: resources, peoples and the environmentThe main findings of...

In this paper, we propose a data and digital-contracts driven (DDCD) method for pricing various complex options. The DDCD method is a combination of nonparametric and parametric methods. In general, nonparametric data driven methods use observed data as training data of a learning network...

As the network externality in an industrial organization has been widely discussed in recent years, many researchers in the field have noted a particular type of market, the so-called two-sided market. In a two-sided market, two or more groups of agents such as buyers and sellers interact while...