Airlines are not able to conduct their business in the same way as other global transnational industries. They are inhibited by the foreign ownership restrictions in Air Services Agreements and national laws. This paper reviews the background of nationality clauses and the current regulations in...

Airlines are constrained by the ownership and control rules contained in nearly all bilateral Air Services Agreements. This paper aims to provide details of the ways in which ownership rules around the world have evolved and how governments and carriers have responded to these changes. Some...