Maintaining high participation and employment in the face of the recent recession and a rapidly ageing population are major challenges for policy makers in Finland. The recession of the early 1990s showed that high unemployment can leave long–lasting scars on labour markets, while rapid ageing...

Multinational enterprises (MNEs) are important in transmitting technology across national borders. Not only do they allow for transfer of technology within the firm, but it is also believed that they are important channels for international R&D spillovers as well. This paper analyses empirically...

This study uses data on Swedish multinationals to estimate cross elasticities of labour demand in different locations. With a vertical decomposition of the firm's activities, whether there is substitution or complementarity between employment in different parts of the firm will depend on whether...

This paper analyzes empirically the relationship between R&D and growth. The estimated elasticity of per capita R&D expenditures with respect to domestic per capita incomes lies between 1.81 and 2.93 for the ten OECD countries studied, whereas the elasticity of R&D with respect to foreign demand...

This study uses data on Swedish multinationals to estimate cross-elasticities of labor demand in different locations. With a vertical decomposition of the firm's activities, whether there is substitution or complementarity between employment in different parts of the firm will depend on whether...

In this paper, we discuss a new method for constructing a cyclically adjusted budget balance. We use the method to evaluate the budget balance for Sweden during the period 1991–2005. Traditionally, methods for cyclical adjustment have focused on the output gap. In this paper we also adjust for...

This paper analyzes the relationship between the budget balance and the cyclical situation of the economy. There are two main purposes. In the first analysis, we develop a method for economic policy, and induced changes that arise due to changes in the economy. The discretionary component of the...

The knowledge-capital model (KC model), described in <link rid="b8">Markusen (2002</link>), encompasses both market size (horizontal) as well as factor endowment (vertical) explanations to why multinational production occurs. Although the KC model seems intuitively appealing the empirical support has, so far, been...

Two models where productivity growth is caused by spillovers from R&D are analysed using a sample of nine manufacturing industries in six large OECD-countries between 1979 and 1991. The first model is based on traditional productivity analysis where growth in R&D stocks causes productivity...