Recent episodes of de-monetization show that private credit can be a substitute for money. This paper studies the conditions of money circulation when non-circulating private debts (IOUs) can be a substitute for money. I first present a simple model of inside money where money circulates if and...

In this work we explore the impact of alternative tax-benefits systems on household welfare. The framework of our analysis is the theory of optimal taxation with the distribution of potential wages replaced by the distribution of household abilities. The latter has been calculated by inversion...

According to more recent theories on the optimal capital structure, the availability of external financing is not always guaranteed, or it may come at different costs, depending on the methods of financing used (debt vs. equity, long-term debt vs. short-term debt, etc.). Under such...