With the adoption of the „Directive 2003/87/EU of the European Parliament and the Council …“ greenhouse gas emission allowance trading within the community will begin in 2005. Emission trading is a flexible instrument to abate emissions within the framework of the Kyoto-Protocol that...

The evolutionary theory of economic change in the predominant version of Nelson and Winter has originally put forward an independent theory of the firm only fragmentary. It rests upon the behavioural theory of the firm and the innovation theories of Marshall and Schumpeter. The object of this...

At present, the utilization of waste products in Germany is characterized by the enforcement of rigorous environmental standards (pre-treatment of waste, sealing of dumps) and following from that a temporary capacity problem regarding the disposal of pre-treated household refuse and the...

After showing different criteria for assessing economic theories and in general terms the growth of (economic) knowledge, the essentials of classical British economic theory (Political Economy) are outlined. Next the scientific career and the genesis of the works of Ricardo are dealt with. The...

Climate protection has become a central part of national as well as international environmental policy, triggered off above all by the reports of the "International Panel on Climate Change" and by the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change. Its scientific modelling is carried out in four...

The focus of evolutionary economics is a process of continuous economic and organizational change. Currently there is no agreement on the explanation of economic evolution. Rather there are competing interpretations. To achieve a common understanding of economic evolution, from the perspective...

The municipal protection of inshore waters is part of the water supply industry. Both water supply service and waste water disposal is in succession brought force by a network of separate fresh water and waste water pipes, besides on a local scale. Environmental policy instruments of waters...

The key topic of this paper is to explain the above average increase of local waste charges in Germany, in addition the special importance of local within national environmental policies. The jump of waste charges, especially since 1990, has originated in the changed institutional setting of...

In two survey articles on evolutionary economics Hodgson points out that currently a consensus of opinion concerning the meaning and explanation of economic evolution does not exist. But most of the authors involved agree that the common characteristic of its subject is the central importance of...

The function of communal water supply utilities is to provide consumers with high quality drinking water in sufficient quantities. On the other hand communal wastewater disposal utilities have to dispose the wastewater. In addition to this water prices and wastewater charges shall also give...