Questionnaires using Likert-type rating scales are an important source of data in marketing research. Researchers use different rating scale formats with varying numbers of response categories and varying label formats (e.g., 7-point rating scales labeled at the endpoints, fully labeled 5-point...

This paper validates measures of response styles as latent variables using structural equation modeling. Next to measurement validation the main objective is to assess whether different modes of data collection bring along measurement bias due to response styles. Results indicate that Internet...

The last decade has seen an increased focus by retailers on using new technologies to deliver their services. The introduction of self-service technologies (SSTs) opens up for retailers the potential of improving productivity and service quality while cutting costs. However previous forays by...

Based on two data sets, we compare levels of response styles across three modes of data-collection: paper and pencil questionnaires, online questionnaires, and telephone interviews. Using Means And Covariance Structures (MACS), we find that data collected by different modes show differences in...

The current study addresses the stability of individual response styles. In contrast with previous studies, we set up a dedicated data collection, where the same respondents filled out two questionnaires consisting of independent sets of randomly sampled questionnaire items. Between data...

On the basis of cognitive interviews and drawing on the belief-sampling model, we introduce the proximity effect model. The model explains the correlation between two items as a function of their conceptual relationship (nonreversed same-construct items, reversed same-construct items, unrelated...

Questionnaires using Likert-type rating scales are an important source of data in marketing research. Researchers use different rating scale formats with varying number of response categories and varying label formats (e.g., seven point rating scales labeled at the endpoints, fully labeled five...

In response to criticism on brand personality measures that embrace other aspects besides brand personality, we developed a new brand personality measure consisting of personality items only. 12,789 Belgian respondents participated in a study on 193 brands. The new scale consists of five factors...

The age-related labels ‘third age’, ‘elderly’, ‘50+,’ ‘senior’ and ‘retired’ were evaluated by a 40+ sample. Results of a qualitative and quantitative study showed that the labels ‘third age’ and ‘elderly’ evoked predominantly negative associations, while the...

Online surveys in the US and Belgium were conducted to cross-culturally validate the Internet shopper lifestyle scale (Smith and Swinyard, 2001). Special attention was devoted to sample, construct and measurement equivalence. In both countries, the same six basic dimensions were found to...