universities in the Japanese national innovation system is followed by the analysis of U‐I collaboration by technology fields. The … been quantitatively found by technology fields. Though the national universities occupy large R&D expenditure shares in …. For university spin‐offs, the national universities are active in life science and ICT. Originality/value – This paper …

Purpose – Triple helix theory stresses co‐evolution and interaction among governments, enterprises and universities …, and is paid great attention by governments, universities and enterprises worldwide. The purpose of this paper is to … investigate the role that Chinese government R&D investments play in the interaction between enterprises and universities. Design …

which was to build new R&D alliances between industry and universities. Findings – The findings show how partners choose to …

American universities are too low. The purpose of this paper is to derive optimal spending rates and compare them with actual … the steady-state. Relevant data are obtained from American universities with endowments over $500 million in 2007 to …

budget constrains. From the model, the author conclude several approach to hardening the budget constrain of universities …, there are concerned to the appointment of university leaders and the incentive system, universities mergers and the freedom … causation and the wrong idea that solving the financial distress by universities mergers. …