Changes in interest rates, inflation, and exchange rates are the main components of macroeconomic risks (financial risks) in projects evaluation. However, the conduct of monetary policy as well as its impact on the economic environment is seldom considered as an important component of...

Commodity price uncertainty imposes large costs on society. On the macro level, it results in sudden and unexpected shifts in current account imbalances and real GDP volatility, while on the micro level, it leads to allocation inefficiencies. Accurate price forecasts have the potential to remove...

This paper examines the varying impact of the Import and Export on the impulsiveness nature of the Exchange Rate in four EU (European Union) economies such as Austria, Germany, France and Italy for a period of 56 years from 1960 – 2015. In achieving an accurate result for testing this...