This paper presents the major changes in financial regulation in the United States starting with the historical background and concluding with the most recent measures contained in, or mandated by, the 2010 Dodd-Frank Act. It will present the most important changes in regulatory legislation...

Since the 1980s, structural and regulatory evolutions and reforms of the French banking and financial system have been manifold. They have been influenced not only by the European integration process, but also by the historical worldwide context of deregulation and, morerecently, by the...

This Report provides an introduction to the seven country studies on the implementation of the European Directives on Banking and Finance in the period from the introduction of the Single European Act to the 2007/8 Global financial crisis and the additional national measures that have been taken...

I measure the value of political connections through their liquidity effect on privately controlled firms and state-owned enterprises (SOEs) in China’s stock market over the period of 2003 to 2012. State participation among the top ten shareholders is used as a criterion for classifying a firm...

In spite of emphasizing on a market by economic liberalism, most experts believe that market failure caused the deepest global crisis after Great Depression (1929) to happen. Although we cannot ignore the importance to the role of attendance of government to the economy, we believe that...

This paper uses survey data for 60,000 households from 29 transition economies in 2006 and 2010 to explore how the use of banking services is related to household characteristics, as well as to bank ownership, deposit insurance and creditor protection. At the household level we find that the...

In this paper we present a framework for backtesting all currently popular risk measurement methods (including value-at-risk and expected shortfall) using the functional delta method.Estimation risk can be taken explicitly into account.Based on a simulation study we provide evidence that tests...

This paper examines the effect of temporarily suspending the trading of exchange-listed individual stocks.We evaluate whether the regulatory authorities can successfully use the mechanism of trading halts in forcing companies to disclose new and material information to the capital market.In...

In this paper we test several risk management models for computing expected shortfall for one-period hedge errors of hedged derivatives positions.Contrary to value-at-risk, expected shortfall cannot be tested using the standard binomial test, since we need information of the distribution in the...

We use a simple model in which the expected returns in emerging markets depend on their systematic risk as measured by their beta relative to the world portfolio as well as on the level of integration in that market.The level of integration is a time-varying variable that depends on the market...