The crisis of the European exchange-rate system (ERM) in 1992093 was a critical event in the post- Bretton Woods history of the international monetary system. A full understanding of the causes, origins, and implications of the ERM breakdown can privide policy lessons that are particularly...

This essay offers an analysis of actual German and Swiss monetary policy that explains this gap between operation and performance. It shows that neither country's central bank can be called a monetary targeter, according to a strict, formal definition of targeting, and it argues that the...

The fifteen newly independent republics of the former Soviet Union began 1992 with a functionning ruble area inherited from the Soviet union. Indeed, early that year, the ruble was atop the currency hit parade; no other currency served as sole legal tender across so many national borders. This...