proliferation of patents on products and processes that cover minor, incremental innovations. A study conducted in five developing …’ pharmaceutical patents that can block generic competition and thereby limit access to medicines. It also found that both the nature … standards of inventive step are used to grant patents. The analysis suggests that local firms in developing countries are better …

case, the licensing fees reflect the strength of patents. Patent pools of complementary patents can be used to discourage … patents reduce social welfare as they charge higher licensing fees and chill subsequent innovation incentives. …-competitive effects of patent pools for complementary patents naturally extend for dynamic innovation incentives. However, this simple …