Over the past decade, risk measurement has received a much needed amount of attention from the .nancial community. Risk measures based on .xed quantiles un- der the actual probability distribution, especially Value-at-Risk and its re.nement the Conditional Tail Expectation, were instrumental in...

This paper presents evidence that central government has a very important role in improving the quality of oce-holders when political clientelism is present. Exploiting the exogenous variation of the release of the audit reports and the Brazilian institutional scheme, there is evidence that the...