truth. But such a understandings pose serious questions, among them: if models are false, how is it that they are so useful …, useful only to the degree that they are instruments for stating truth. The confusion arises from a failure to understand how …

validity of theory is truth. In contrast, a policymaker's domain is action, and the criterion of validity is the efficiency of … the policy given its goals, as well as that of justification. The fact that a policymaker is indifferent to the truth (or … international agencies can discard overnight the theories that have previously demonstrated the truth of the causalities underlying …