Personnel-adjusted added value (PAV) is an index to measure human resource management for internal purposes. In this study, the possibilities and limitations of PAV using external estimates are investigated. To measure the effectiveness of PAV, it is compared with the general added value. This...

For continuous time birth-death processes on {0,1,2,...}, the first passage time T+n from n to n + 1 is always a mixture of (n + 1) independent exponential random variables. Furthermore, the first passage time T0,n+1 from 0 to (n + 1) is always a sum of (n + 1) independent exponential random...

We consider a credit risk model with two industrial sectors, where defaults of corporations would be influenced by two factors. The first factor represents the macro economic condition which would affect the default intensities of the two industrial sectors differently. The second factor...

Photovoltaic (PV) has the highest cost reduction potential among all renewable energy sources (RES). To overcome institutional barriers, developing the technology, and creating an initial market, policies are needed. Comparative case studies of Japan and German PV sector from 1990 to 2011 were...