This paper examines the properties of the X-inefficiencies in U.S. bank holding companies derived from both stochastic and linear programming frontiers. This examination allows the robustness of results across methods to be compared. While we find that calculated programming inefficiency scores...

In this paper, we examine whether indigent care provided by hospitals contributes to output congestion. An increase in output congestion could make the cost of delivering indigent care more costly than managers believe. We distinguish between charity (indigent) care and bad debt expense in an...

This paper uses a stochastic cost frontier to examine the scale economies, cost efficiencies, and technological change of three payment instruments (check, ACH, and Fedwire processing) provided by the Federal Reserve over the period 1990-1994. We find evidence of substantial scale economies and...