After Harrod and Domar independently developed a dynamic Keynesian circular flow model to illustrate the instability of a growing economy, mainstream economists quickly reduced their model to a supply side-only growth model, which they subsequently rejected as too simplistic and replaced with...

This paper offers a sociological explanation for why the field of economics has so severely restricted the scope of its analysis to the point where it failed to foresee the financial crises, economic recessions, and other large shifts in economic activity that have characterized the global...

Part I of this essay explained the sequence of events that enabled the neoclassical paradigm to regain its dominant position in mainstream economics following serious challenges by ‘Keynesian’ economists. This second essay seeks to answer the question of why the economics profession was so...

Research has often focused on how foreign direct investment (FDI) transfers technology from developed economies to less developed economies. Most FDI occurs between developed economies, however, and the country receiving the greatest inflow of FDI is the United States. This paper examines...

The estimated static welfare gains from international trade are very small, on the order of one percent of GDP. The case for free trade is therefore increasingly linked to trade's apparent positive effects on economic growth. But how large are these growth effects? The vast empirical literature...

As a social institution, religion directly influences economic behavior, including trade. Religious culture also impacts trade indirectly because it is part of a society's overall culture, which in turn influences many other formal and informal institutions that also directly influence economic...

The ideas and concepts of Pierre Bourdieu provide insight into why the culture of economics led to the failure of economists to foresee financial instability and the Great Recession. The culture of the field of economics consists of a subjective habitus that includes smooth neoclassical...

The Solow model concludes that long-run growth depends on technological progress, which is taken by neoclassical economists as suggesting there are no limits to growth because humanity's capacity to think and expand knowledge is unlimited. This paper develops a two-sector Solow model consisting...

Simultaneity between the volume of trade and national output may have biased past empirical tests of the export-growth relationship. To judge the extent of such bias, this paper compares results of single- and simultaneous- equation regression models of trade and growth that closely resemble the...