The paper provides an analysis of the structure and the importance of SPS and TBT measures in agricultural trade and tries to identify the division between genuine protection of consumers, flora and fauna and non tariff barriers. The paper covers all notifying countries and products at the HS6...

According to World Trade Organization rules, countries may adopt regulations under the Agreements on Sanitary and Phyto-Sanitary (SPS) and Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT). We analyze the structure of these measures in agricultural trade. The inventory approach suggests that European countries...

In May 2003, the United States, Canada and Argentina launched a World Trade Organization (WTO) case against the European Union concerning its authorization regime for biotech products. In November 2006, the WTO condemned this regime. Using a gravity equation, we estimate the reduction of exports...

Recent years have seen a surge in economic integration agreements (EIAs) and the development of non-tariff measures (NTMs). As a consequence, a growing number of EIAs include provisions on NTMs. However, little attention has been given in the literature to the effects of NTM liberalization in...

We investigate how tariff liberalization has affected exporting in emerging countries. We use a highly disaggregated bilateral measure of market access to compare tariffs applied in 1996 and 2006, which includes the timing of the Uruguay Round and episodes of bilateral liberalization. Our...

MAcMaps est une mesure bilaterale et desagregee de l'acces au marche qui a ete construite pour integrer les instruments majeurs de protection (droits ad valorem et specifiques, droits anti-dumping, prohibitions, quotas tarifaires, normes) au niveau le plus detaille (SH 10) et en tenant compte de...

La prise en compte de l'environnement et des risques specifiques de nature biologique ou informationnelle qui y sont associes justifie la mise en place de mesures aux frontieres. Mais l'utilisation protectionniste de telles mesures est probable. En particulier, dans l'agriculture,...

This paper explores the economic impacts of preferential trade agreements, focusing on the provisions they contain, beyond phasing out tariffs. Clustering 278 preferential trade agreements based on 906 provisions grouped into 18 policy areas, three clusters are obtained for which a trade...

Economic integration of the African continent rests on two pillars: the ratification of an ambitious trade agreement and massive investment in transportation infrastructure. Leveraging a newly created city-level database on African exporters' transport times, transport route optimization and...

Transferring low tech manufacturing jobs to cheap labour countries is often seen by part of the general public and policy makers as a step into the de-industrialisation of the European economies. However, several recent contributions have shown that the effects on home economies are rarely...