The substitution of capital for labor and new labor-saving technologies has reduced the labor required for farming, yet … substitution between hired and family labor. The results provide little evidence to support the popular homogeneity assumption and …

. Knowledge of the true demand rates and substitution rates is important for the retailer for a variety of category management … estimated substitution rates can also be used to infer patterns of competition between items in the category. In this paper we … propose methods to estimate demand rates and substitution rates in such contexts. We develop a model of customer arrivals and …

stockout of individual items into three effects—lost own sales, substitution to other items, and the category sales impact …

européennes permet d’obtenir un effet de substitution (coefficient significativement négatif) de cette variable et un meilleur …’effet de substitution du cours boursier européen, font ressortir un excès de liquidité modéré mais persistant dans la zone euro. … into account. However, by including European share prices, we obtain a substitution effect (significantly negative …

In the consumer’s theory, a crucial problem is to determine the substitution effect and the revenue effect in the case …

. China must prevent an excessive escalation of its economy and resultant energy demand to realise a meaningful substitution …

In the consumer’s theory, a crucial problem is to determine the substitution effect and the revenue effect in the case …