européennes permet d’obtenir un effet de substitution (coefficient significativement négatif) de cette variable et un meilleur …’effet de substitution du cours boursier européen, font ressortir un excès de liquidité modéré mais persistant dans la zone euro. … into account. However, by including European share prices, we obtain a substitution effect (significantly negative …

In the consumer’s theory, a crucial problem is to determine the substitution effect and the revenue effect in the case …

–1999, which provides a unique opportunity to examine the substitution hypothesis in suicide research: that is, whether a reduction … explored whether such method substitution, if it existed, differed across urban and rural settings. Data on age-, sex-, method … suicide rate; nonetheless, suicide method substitution is not an all-or-nothing phenomenon. Stratified analyses by …

type: as the availability of wildlife increases, we observe substitution effects for non-endemic charismatic species, and …

substitutions could cover two completely distinct situations according to the substitution’s stake : either the substitution could …