Traditional resource economics has been criticised for assuming too high elasticities of substitution, not observing … conditions even when elasticities of substitution between capital and resources are low and the supply of physical capital is …

German airports possess market power and therefore need special regulatory attendence. We calculate a substitution … analysis is complemented by an assessment of intermodal substitution and countervailing power of airlines. The study gives …

substitution between any two production factors should be unaffected by a third factor that is separable from the others. This … energy affects the conclusions about the ease of substitution among nonenergy factors. We find ample empirical evidence to …

essentially assume substitution between different technologies. This result implies that fixed and mobile internet services …

bookmakers to analyse potential substitution between lottery play and bookmaker betting. We find some evidence that bettors do ….e. when there is a rollover or Superdraw. This substitution has a highly specific pattern of timing that varies by sector. Our … results further suggest that bettors rationally engage in forward-looking substitution within their betting portfolios. …