This research paper explores the conditions under which a firm is more/less likely to incur the Penrose Effect when expanding in a foreign market. We posit that multinational firms that can accelerate the development of new managerial resources in their foreign operations have greater...

This paper examines why and under what conditions firms will make unilateral relationship-specific investments to serve their transaction partners. We propose that firms are more likely to make unilateral relationship-specific investments when the investment yields economic spillover values for...

This paper develops an integrative theory explaining multinational firms' staffing decisions in initial foreign entry situations from agency theory, transaction costs theory, and resource-based theory, and it offers a set of theoretically-grounded, testable propositions concerning these staffing...

This paper develops a new integrative framework explaining and predicting multinational firms' international staffing decisions based on resource-based, agency, and transaction costs theories. In this framework, a firm considers (1) the relative values that expatriates / local managers can bring...

Drawing on the resource-based view of the firm, this paper develops a balancing-process approach to explain the motivations and location choices of foreign direct investment (FDI). In this approach, FDI is viewed as a means to balance a firm's portfolio of resources and capabilities through...

This paper examines the impact of location-bound advantage on the internationalization strategy of multinational enterprises (MNEs). The extant research literature suggests that an advantage's location boundedness may be driven by: the nature of the firm advantage; organizational embeddedness,...