We build a framework linking competition in the media market to political participation. Media outlets report on the … results can reconcile seemingly contradictory empirical evidence showing that entry in the media market can either increase or …

We present a formal model of government control of the media to illuminate variation in media freedom across countries … and over time. Media bias is greater and state ownership of the media more likely when the government has a particular …' individual best interest; however, the distinction between state and private media is smaller. Large advertising markets reduce …