Motivated by the effect hierarchy principle, Zhang et al. (Stat Sinica 18:1689–1705, <CitationRef CitationID="CR17">2008</CitationRef>) introduced an aliased effect number pattern (AENP) for regular fractional factorial designs and based on the new pattern proposed a general minimum lower-order confounding (GMC) criterion for choosing...</citationref>

This paper shows that the existing optimality criteria for s-level designs can be expressed by the aliased component-number pattern, which is the core of the general minimum lower order confounding criterion for s-level designs.