The relationship between desirable economic growth and environmental degradation is complex. The international community began to negotiate responsibility for the issue of global climate change twenty-one years ago. This paper suggests that the environmental Kuznets' hypothesis may provide a...

We develop a new indicator of profit inefficiency, which is based on decision-makers choosing the amount to spend on each input and the amount to earn on each output, rather than choosing physical quantities of inputs and outputs. The method is suitable for situations when prices and quantities...

The directional output distance function is used to measure the efficiency of 209 electric utilities in 1993 and 1997. Exploiting duality conditions, the directional output distance function is used to estimate the shadow price of sulfur dioxide and the Morishima elasticity of output substitution