, and (v) fortifying closeness between people. This paper aims to analyze the effect of exchange rate volatility on …-Generalized Autoregressive Conditional Heteroscedasticity (TGARCH) (1,1) models to measure the exchange rate volatility. Furthermore, we employed … a fixed effect model to analyze the relationship of exchange rate volatility with international trade and FDI. The …

, the study strikes a note of caution on account of the volatility in petroleum prices. If the recent decline in global …

for coping with food production volatility. …

A widely held view is that openness to international trade leads to higher GDP volatility, as trade increases … important, openness to international trade can lower GDP volatility by reducing exposure to domestic shocks and allowing … question of whether and how international trade affects economic volatility …