In this paper, we argue that the Arab spring can be understood as a violent criticism of and attack against the post-Independence social contract that prevailed in most Middle East and North African countries. We show that this social contract, characterized by the combination of high levels of...

Emerging economies can be characterized by highly hybrid socio-economic systems undergoing deep structural change, under directions that can be contrary to economic orthodoxy. One possible, however not exclusive, explanation to those varied paths of transformation can be found in the interplay...