This paper aims to present comparative elements in the “development” programs of Egypt circa 2016 and Pakistan circa 2019. It argues that a clear pattern of IMF “assistance” improves each country's economic fundamentals from a foreign investor (particularly sovereign bond investor)...

In 1973 Emile Benoit published a seminal study which suggested that defence spending stimulated economic growth in Third World countries. His conclusion was based on a cross-national analysis of data for 44 developing countries over five years (1960–65). Specifically, Benoit found that after...

The study specifically investigated the causality between the openness variable and economic growth, using data from the Nigerian economy. Previous studies in Nigeria have interpreted the regression results of output variables on the export trade variable as providing support for trade...

Chapter 1. Introduction: Revisiting State theory in Knowledge Capitalism after markets failure and pandemic crisis through a space – time approach -- Chapter 2. The socio – space – time relativity of the State -- Chapter 3. Long – term cyclicality of capitalism as State time dimension --...

Transformation to some market approaches in North Korea is of highest importance for more economic cooperation on the Korean peninsula. Kim Jong-uns's Byungjin policy, a new ideological approach announced in 2011, gave some hope for such reforms. At least, basic economic reforms like in China or...