A 'Process Cost Model (PCM)' approach has been proposed previously (Aoieong et al., 2002) for measuring the quality costs of construction projects. The PCM is proposed because the traditional models on PAF (prevention, appraisal and failure) quality costs have been found to be unsuitable for the...

Background: The current health care reform in China launched in 2009 tackles the problem of access to appropriate medicines for its 1.3 billion people by focusing on providing essential medicines to all. To provide evidence for the reform process, we investigated the manufacturing, purchasing,...

A survey was undertaken of the losses or costs incurred in building contracts because of accidents on building sites. Altogether, 576 accidents from 18 building sites were investigated. On each site, an accident occurrence index (AOI) was calculated by dividing the total equivalent day loss by...

Direct financial costs of accidents are the tip of the iceberg when compared to the indirect costs. Notwithstanding the difficulties involved, it is very important to estimate the indirect costs borne by society, and the non-material losses due to pain, suffering and loss of enjoyment of life...