reimbursement and pricing of approved drugs, the so-called fourth and fifth hurdles. Methods: We reviewed 38 National Institute for … approved. Thirdly, we considered whether and when each drug was recommended for reimbursement and use by NICE, and whether … conditions of reimbursement applied. Fourthly, for the subset of FDA-approved drugs, we examined formulary placement, cost …

licensing bodies and public reimbursement agencies. The present study compares access to licensed and subsidized medicines under …