We use carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions growth to measure consumption risk within a consumption-based capital asset pricing model (CCAPM) framework. Given the comprehensive worldwide coverage of CO2 emissions, this measure allows us to use the full history of stock market data in the United...

As part of its unconventional monetary policy, since 2010 the Bank of Japan (BOJ) has purchased equity index exchange-traded funds (ETFs). The total purchased amount reached 3% of GDP and the bank has become among the largest shareholders in over 40% of listed companies. Because of the reduction...

The U.S. stock market has long been the most popular venue for both foreign companies and global investors. The recent cross-border regulation tensions between the U.S. and China, however, have exposed many U.S.-listed China Concepts Stocks (CCS) to substantial de-listing risks, forcing them to...

The Bank of Japan (BOJ) purchased large amounts of equity index ETFs as part of its Quantitative Easing Policy. As the BOJ’s ETF includes a large proportion of price-weighted Nikkei 225 index ETFs, the BOJ’s holdings over-weight those shares relative to the market value weight. Thus, the...