While a number of measures of openness have been used in empirical studies, none has a theoretical derivation. Using cge models of an economy, this paper derives a number of measures of opennesss which lie on the unit interval and have a welfare interpretation. One group of measure are...

This paper examines the technical barriers to international trade. It focuses on the Sanitary and Phytosanitary (SPS) barriers. In Section 2, the standard, small country, partial equilibrium model is modified to reflect the investment aspect of trade policy reform. Investment theory, itself,...