across countrywide boundaries as transnational or global enterprises. Global trade is considered by the open flow of human … and economic resources particularly in the developed economies of European Union (EU), the North American Free Trade …

relationship with Japan and Korea, and the standard gravity model variables, we find that trade will be less between the United …We introduce a measure of language difficulty called “linguistic distance” into a modified gravity model to determine … whether a language being further away from English affects the level of trade. Our sample of 36 non–English-speaking countries …

This paper provides evidence of the effect of immigration-based networks on German trade. Germany presents a particular … migration policy. According to our results, we find no trade creating effect from migrant networks on exports but on imports …

, testing for the importance of pairwise country links as well as characteristics of the receiving country (trade and financial … openness, exchange rate regime, fiscal variables). We find that trade integration fosters the spill-over of business cycles …, both bilaterally and as a country characteristic (trade openness). Results for financial integration are mixed; financial …