This paper surveys the measurement of trade costs - what we know, and what we don't know but may usefully attempt to … find out. Partial and incomplete data on direct measures of costs go together with inference on implicit costs from trade … flows and prices. Total trade costs in rich countries are large. The ad valorem tax equivalent is about 170% when pushing …

measure of trade cost I estimate the US-Canada border effect for aggregate and industry-level trade flows in line with the …

, testing for the importance of pairwise country links as well as characteristics of the receiving country (trade and financial … open- ness, exchange rate regime, fiscal variables). We find that trade integration fosters the spill-over of business … cycles, both bilaterally and as a country characteristic (trade openness). Results for financial integration are mixed …

This paper provides evidence of the effect of immigration-based networks on German trade. Germany presents a particular … migration policy. According to our results, we find no trade creating effect from migrant networks on exports but on imports …

that are active across country borders, we focus on international trade and multinational enterprise activity as conduits … spillovers through trade and foreign direct investment, the discussion guided by a model of foreign direct investment, trade, and … endogenous technology transfer. There is evidence for technology spillovers from both international trade and the activity of …

participation and creating worker shortages in high-demand industries. In this context, immigration will help reduce costs in key … inequality. Reforms should therefore modestly increase overall immigration over time, while shifting its composition somewhat …

This paper reviews the evidence on the effects of less-skilled immigration to the U.S., and their implications for … immigration reform. It begins with a review of the costs of less-skilled immigration, in terms of competition to native …-born American workers; and the benefits of such immigration in the form of lower consumer prices, higher employer profits, and …

This article studies whether immigration in voter's neighborhoods is a driving factor of the rise of Germany's major … small-scale immigration data, election data, and a set of socioeconomic factors. Our main finding states that the local … immigration boosted AFD votes but did not affect CDU votes directly. Instead, in regions that perceived immigration indirectly …