World trade volume is in retreat for the first time in more than two decades and the contraction is on a scale not seen since the global recession following the second oil shock of 1979–1980. The United States (US) is at the epicenter of the crisis and is a major source of external demand for...

This paper examines the structure and direction of developing Asia's trade over the past two decades. The impacts on developing Asia of the economic slowdown in 2009-2010 in high-income countries of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), which includes the European...

This paper first examines the rapid growth and changing composition of manufactured exports in Indonesia and Thailand, highlighting the rapid growth of office and computer machinery and electric machinery, somewhat slower growth of non-electric and transportation machinery, as well as the low...

Pakistan achieved high rates of economic growth from the mid-1970s. Growth was faciitated by the external circumstances that relaxed the balance-of-payments constraints. However, growth was not accompanied by an improved social development Moreover, as the external circumstances worsened, the...

This paper first examines the rapid growth and changing composition of manufactured exports in Indonesia and Thailand, highlighting the rapid growth of office and computer machinery and electric machinery, somewhat slower growth of non-electric and transportation machinery, as well as the low...