Within a two-sector dynamic framework with external economies in one sector (which give rise to the possibility of multiple equilibria) and convex adjustment costs, this paper provides a welfare ranlung of movements towards the two stable equilibria, solves for the optimal speed of...

This paper studies the relationship between banks' holdings of domestic sovereign securities and credit growth to the private sector in emerging market and developing economies. Higher banks' holdings of government debt are associated with a lower credit growth to the private sector and with a...

Why do countries tend to repay their domestic and external debt, even though the legal enforcement of the sovereign debt contract is limited? Contrary to conventional wisdom, we argue that temporary market exclusion after default is costly. When the domestic financial market is characterized by...

The innovation systems aimed at increasing countries' competitive advantage and technological capabilities are less focused on developing countries. In addition, there remains a lack of research to determine whether innovation systems should explicitly exist for or be applied to individual...