In the presence of transactions costs, no matter how small, ar-bitrage activity does not necessarily render equal all riskless rates ofreturn. When two such rates follow stochastic processes, it is not opti-mal immediately to arbitrage out any discrepancy that arises betweenthem. The reason is...

Exchange rates can have a major influence on the pricing behaviour and profitability of exporting and importing firms. Firms differ in the extent to which they "pass-through" changes in exchange rates into the prices they charge in foreign markets. They also differ in their "exposure" to...