Reducing poverty remains an important challenge, and the COVID-19-crisis may further reinforce social vulnerabilities …. Although it has declined lately, relative poverty remains high in international comparison and is distributed unevenly across … particularly affected. A comprehensive approach is required to ensure an effective transition out of poverty and social exclusion …

The goal of securing adequate resources in retirement dominates the ongoing debate regarding social security reforms … retirement resource goals. Proposals seeking minimum living standards imply expansion of public fiscal liabilities. We contribute … at the time of retirement, and to maintain initial levels of resources over the first decade of retirement. We compare …