This paper explores the patterns of citations among patents taken out by inventors in the U.S., the U.K., France, Germany and Japan. We find that, (1) Patets assigned to the same firm are more likely to cit each other, and come sooner that other citations; (2) patents in the same patent class...

This paper analyzes the implications of a cost of deviating upwards from a public-debt/output guideline, as the 0.6 ratio in the Maastricht Treaty, in the context of a fiscal policymaking model. Given a pre-announced timetable for enforcement, the dynamic paths of the tax rate and government...