he question we address here is: “What is the very nature of managerial problems?” We first argue that real management problems are those which do not have a priori solutions and for which the arguments for and against any important decision are more or less of equal weight. We then define...

Purpose – This paper aims to examine the role of the Japanese state in the development of budgets within “special companies” in the transportation sector between 1928 and 1945. Design/methodology/approach – Using evidence contained in the archives of “closedown institutions” this...