, the U.S. dollar is predominant in international trade and financial flows. The dollar acts as a "vehicle currency" in the … sense that agents in nondollar economies will generally engage in currency trade indirectly using the U.S. dollar rather …

have on official holdings of dollar reserves. A wide range of projections are presented for the effect of EMU on the … the effect of EMU on the currency composition of reserves. It is argued that official dollar holdings could decline on the … order of 35 percent or more from current dollar holdings, although the range of uncertainty is quite large. …

decline in U.S. price competitiveness associated with the appreciation of the dollar over the first half of the decade was the …, drawing on average policy multipliers from a group of international macro models, the rise in the dollar and the growth gap … in the dollar since early 1985 than conventional macro trade equations would predict. Analysis of the pricing behavior of …