The present expansion of environmental standards and regulations in industrialised countries can have significant impacts on the market access of developing countries. The fear in many developing countries is that stricter product standards in the markets of developed countries will act as trade...

This article identifies and analyzes factors that affect the willingness of firms and consumers to develop and adopt cleaner technologies. “Cleaner technologies” is used as a general term for pollution abatement technologies, re-use systems, and environmentally sound consumer products and...

The relationship between trade and material flows is examined by viewing the global economy from the perspective of international material-product chains (MPC). The international MPC covers the complete lifecycle of a material or a product in two or more regions, including extraction,...