Sanctions have enormous consequences. Especially when imposed by a country with the economic influence of the United States, sanctions induce clear shockwaves in both the economy and political culture of the targeted state, and in the everyday lives of citizens. But do economic sanctions induce...

This paper presents a comparative study of private returns to schooling of urban men in Egypt, Iran, and Turkey using similar survey data and a uniform methodology. We employ three surveys for each country that span nearly two decades, from the 1980s to 2006, and, to increase the comparability...

This paper presents a comparative study of private returns to schooling of urban men in Egypt, Iran, and Turkey using similar survey data and a uniform methodology. We employ three surveys for each country that span nearly two decades, from the 1980s to 2006, and, to increase the comparability...

Iran's young men and women face serious challenges in their transitions to employment and marriage. We study the factors that affect these transitions using the 2005 School-to-Work Transition Survey (SWTS). As this survey contains detailed retrospective data of education, employment, and marital...

This paper suggests an explanation of the wage and productivity differentials between formal and informal sectors in developing countries. This explanation is based on differences in the observability of effort that arise from technological differences (such as size of operation). The authors...