Reports on participation by the UK in a concentrated campaign of Port State inspections by parties to the Paris MOU, ratification by the UK of the IMO Bunker Pollution Convention and Supplementary Fund Protocol, as well as judicial decisions on claims of off-hire based on delay imposed by port...

Although infrastructure is a key input into economic growth, systematic evidence on what drives overall spending across time or place is very limited. In this paper, motivated in part by the difficulties in international comparisons, we focus on infrastructure for which we can measure spending...

We investigate how technology has influenced the size of armies. During the nineteenth century the development of the railroad made it possible to field and support mass armies, significantly increasing the observed size of military forces. During the late twentieth century further advances in...

To clip infrastructure inadequacy both in India and rest of the World Public–Private Partnerships (PPPs) emerged as an alternative to the traditional mode of infrastructure provisions of governments. The article analyses trends and patterns of various infrastructure sectors and regional...

Members of a patent pool agree to use a set of patents as if they were jointly owned by all members and license them as a package to other firms. Regulators favor pools as a means to encourage innovation: Pools are expected to reduce litigation risks for their members and lower license fees and...

There is widespread consensus that US infrastructure quality has been on the decline. In response, politicians across the ideological spectrum have called for increased infrastructure spending. Although the cost of infrastructure determines how much physical output each dollar of spending...

Why did the Industrial Revolution take place in Europe, but did not in India or China? This paper uses a novel dataset and builds a general model to study the economic transformations of the Late Middle Ages that led to the Industrial Revolution and the Great Divergence. Through modern...

Jarrell (1978) found that electricity prices rose in states that adopted state regulation before 1917, suggesting that regulators were "captured" by the interests of the regulated electric utilities. An alternative explanation is that state regulation more credibly protected specialized utility...

This paper documents the evolution of government-granted privileges, or "cronyism," in the information and communications technology marketplace and in the media-producing sectors. It also shows that cronyism is slowly creeping into new high-technology sectors. This influence could dull...

Why did states dominate investments in economic development in early America? Between 1787 and 1860, the national government%u2019s $54 million on promoting transportation infrastructure while the states spent $450 million. Using models of legislative choice, we show that Congress could not...