We use the new dataset of trade flows across 269 European regions in 24 countries constructed in Santamaría et al. (2020) to systematically explore for the first time trade patterns within and across country borders. We focus on the differences between home trade, country trade and foreign...

We study a dynamic economy where credit is limited by insufficient collateral and, as a result, investment and output are too low. In this environment, changes in investor sentiment or market expectations can give rise to credit bubbles, that is, expansions in credit that are backed not by...

During the last few decades, many emerging markets have lifted restrictions on cross-border financial transactions. The conventional view was that this would allow these countries to: (i) receive capital inflows from advanced countries that would finance higher investment and growth; (ii) insure...

The first wave of globalization (1830-1914) witnessed a decline in the number of countries from 125 to 54. Political consolidation was often achieved through war and conquest. The second wave of globalization (1950-present) has led instead to an increase in the number of countries to a record...

Capital flows to developing countries are small and mostly take the form of loans rather than direct foreign investment. Kraay, Loayza, and Serven build a simple model of North-South capital flows that highlights the interplay between diminishing returns, production risk, and sovereign risk. The...

It is well known that business cycles in OECD countries exhibit a remarkable degree of synchronization. Much less known is that the peak of the OECD cycle is associated with high prices of labor-intensive products and low prices of capital-intensive ones. We document this cyclical behavior of...

We analyze the conduct of fiscal policy in a financially integrated union in the presence of financial frictions. Frictions create a wedge between the return to investment and the union interest rate. This leads to an over-spending externality. While the social cost of spending is the return to...

This paper reports the results of a new test of the Leontief-Trefler hypothesis that factor-augmenting international productivity differences explain most of the cross-country variation in factor prices. Our sample consists of four cross-sections of 16, 31, 51 and 50 countries for 1970, 1975,...