54 developing countries. Tariff data on agricultural and manufacturing goods are combined with household survey data on … detailed income and expenditure patterns to estimate the first-order effects of the elimination of import tariffs on household … household expenditure on average. We find overwhelming evidence of a trade-off between the income gains (losses) and the …

microfinance on the household welfare of the target clients by observing its impact on health, education, income, expenditures and …

poverty and wellbeing. This framing is reflective of Brazil's national narrative on race relations and the idea that class and … employment status have been the most salient barriers to social welfare protections. Brazil's widely well-regarded anti-poverty … systems offers important lessons on how poverty relief can further human development and enhance agency. Future reformers can …

consistent assessments of social welfare, inequality and poverty embodied in a given income distribution. Methods: We propose …