The Queen of England famously asked her economic advisers why none of them had seen it (the global financial crisis) coming. Obviously, the answer is complex, but it must include reference to the evolution of macroeconomic theory over the postwar period - from the Age of Keynes through the...

The American Post Keynesians - those who attach importance to the Big P and the absence of a dash between post and Keynesian - claim to be Keynes's most literal interpreters, or the truest Keynesians (HOLT ET AL., 1998, p. 17). This paper compares the Post Keynesian interpretation of the...

The American Post Keynesians – those who attach importance to the ‘Big P’ and the absence of a dash between ‘post’ and ‘Keynesian’ – claim to be Keynes’s most literal interpreters, or the ‘truest’ Keynesians (HOLT ET AL., 1998, p. 17). This paper compares the Post Keynesian...

The claim that Keynes makes a tacit assumption in Chapter 3 of The General Theory, that short-term expectations are fulfilled, is unwarranted and unnecessary. The seminal paper by Kregel (1976) and its subsequent development by Chick, among others, which has contributed to the general acceptance...

This Symposium consists of individual comments by three authors on papers previously published by the other two (Allain, 2009, Hartwig, 2007 and Hayes, 2007) on the topic of Keynes’s principle of effective demand as set out in The General Theory. The Symposium includes updated versions of PKSG...

Keynes' principle of effective demand constitutes a pillar for Post Keynesians theories. But Keynes' presentation remains difficult to interpret, mainly because the aggregate demand function is based on entrepreneurs' expectations. The problem is then to demonstrate how these entrepreneurs...

This paper presents a one-sector model where investment and autonomous expenditures determine the growth rate of income. The analysis starts with the dynamics of demand-led growth and the interaction between investment and autonomous expenditures. Since by definition investment determines the...

Marshall's notion of the representative firm can be read as a macro notion with some resemblance to Keynes' aggregative concepts. Keynes' notions of aggregate demand and aggregate supply are fashioned after Marshall's definitions of demand and supply. Keynes starts with the Marshallian...

This paper argues that Keynes's "theory of effective demand" merely restates in outwardly novel aggregative terms ideas that are part and parcel of "classical theory," and so adds nothing of substance to orthodox doctrine. The aim of the paper is to impugn neither The General Theory nor...

The Queen of England famously asked her economic advisers why none of them had seen "it" (the global financial crisis) coming. Obviously, the answer is complex, but it must include reference to the evolution of macroeconomic theory over the postwar period—from the "Age of Keynes," through the...