We show in a theoretical model that the expected excess return on any asset depends on its covariance not only with the market portfolio, but also with changes in the representative agent’s estimate. In the empirical specification, this ”estimation factor” is based on realized growth in...

This paper considers the optimal hedge ratio problem under estimation risk. Due to incomplete information, the decision-maker evaluates the opportunity cost of hedging using exchange-traded funds or notes (ETF/Ns). Using a back-testing procedure over the last five years and 13 different hedging...

This paper analyzes the term structure of interest rates in an exchangeonly Lucas (1978) economy where consumers learn about a stochastic growth rate through observations of the endowment process and an external public signal. We show that there is a premium for noisy external public information...

This paper deals with identification of discrete games of incomplete information when we allow for three types of unobservables: payoff‐relevant variables, both players' private information and common knowledge, and nonpayoff‐relevant variables that determine the selection between multiple...

Three types of agents acting on different information sets are considered: fully informed agents, insiders, and outsiders. Differences in information quality are shown to affect the properties of their optimal portfolios. For an outsider, the share of wealth invested in the stock is decreasing...