The permanent income hypothesis asserts that consumption depends on current labour income, expected present value of earnings and cumulated net wealth.Based on this idea, a three variable cointegrationsystem, including consumption, income and net wealth, is tested and approved.Net wealth is...

This paper deals with Finnish bankruptcies.It shows that bankruptcies are strongly related to the business cycle and that they are perhaps even more strongly related to indebtedness, real interest rates and asset prices.The importance of these financial factors probably increased when the...

Ostovoimapariteettiteorian mukaan maittaiset hintatasot ja inflaatiovauhdit pyrkivät pitkällä aikavälillä yhtäläistymään. Eurooppalaisten markkinoiden yhdentyminen, vapaakaupan laajeneminen ja pääomaliikkeiden vapautuminen ovat entisestään lisänneet paineita hintojen yhdentymiseen....

The Finnish Consumer Barometer was introduced in autumn 1987.Data were first collected twice a year and from August 1991 until September 1995 quarterly.After Finland joined the European Union in 1995, the survey was adopted as one member of the Harmonised Consumer Survey of the European...

Given the emphasis on price stability in monetary policy, the concern caused by recent rapid increases in housing prices are understandable.It is suspected that such rises may provide early indication of mounting inflationary pressure.The purpose of this paper is to formulate and estimate an...

This paper deals with optimal payment systems. The issue boils down to how large are the costs of different payment media, which can be interpreted as a question of the efficiency of the means of payment. However, there are other qualifications related to the choice of payment media. Here, at...

Sisällysluettelo: Kari Takala Studies in time series analysis of consumption, asset prices and forecasting 11 Kari Takala The consumption function in Finland revisited; An error-correction model for Finnish consumption 37 Kari Takala Excess sensitivity testing of consumption with Finnish data 79...

Keskuspankit ovat perinteisesti laskeneet liikkeeseen seteleitä yleisön käytettäviksi. Digitalisaation myötä setelit alkavat olla teknisesti vanhentunut maksuväline, ja jotkut keskuspankit ovat harkinneet vähittäismaksamiseen soveltuvaa elektronista keskuspankkirahaa. Elektroninen...

Central banks have traditionally issued cash to the general public. With digitalisation, banknotes are becoming a technically outdated payment instrument, and some central banks have explored the possibility of central bank-issued electronic money applicable to retail payments. Electronic...