This paper discusses dynamic tax smoothing with financial instruments within a two-period deterministic framework where the interest rate is endogenously determined and affected by fiscal policy. The analysis focusses on the timing of taxes and how the interest rate affects the costs for tax...

This paper investigates the real effects of debt or tax financing of a given level of government consumption. The paper starts with a survey of the theoretical literature, ranging from Ricardian to Keynesian models. The conclusion from the survey is that the real effects of budget deficits are...